The International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued a unanimous advisory opinion stating that countries may be violating international law if they fail to take adequate measures to address climate change.

The ruling, delivered on July 24 at The Hague, declared that a "clean, healthy and sustainable environment" constitutes a human right under international law.

The opinion, supported by all fifteen ICJ judges, found that a state's inaction on climate protection could amount to an "internationally wrongful act" and that countries harmed by the effects of climate change may be entitled to reparations.

The court emphasized that nations have legal obligations to take measures to prevent environmental harm, including from greenhouse gas emissions caused by human activity.

The case was initiated by Vanuatu and supported by over one hundred and thirty countries, including major greenhouse gas emitters.

The ICJ was tasked with addressing two central questions: the legal responsibilities of states under international law to mitigate climate change and the legal consequences for harm caused by inaction or insufficient measures.

During the hearing, ICJ President Yuji Iwasawa described climate change as "an existential problem of planetary proportions." The court’s opinion further affirmed that international legal instruments, including the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement, oblige states to act in line with scientific consensus to limit global warming and environmental degradation.

The ruling builds upon a series of legal developments.

It follows earlier decisions by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights, which recognized the duty of states to protect populations from environmental harm.

In 2019, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands ruled that the government had a legal duty to safeguard its citizens from the effects of climate change.

Sea level rise and warming trends continue to affect low-lying nations.

Between 2013 and 2023, global sea levels rose by an average of 4.3 centimeters, with some Pacific regions experiencing higher increases.

Global temperatures have risen approximately 1.3 degrees Celsius since pre-industrial times due to the continued burning of fossil fuels.

The ICJ opinion may serve as a legal foundation for future actions in both international and domestic courts.

Climate advocates have indicated that the decision could be used to press for stronger climate action at upcoming diplomatic meetings, including the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP30) scheduled for later this year in Belém, Brazil.

The advisory opinion is non-binding but may influence future legal interpretations and treaty negotiations.

While welcomed by many nations and environmental organizations, the ruling drew opposition from several major oil and gas-producing countries.

The United States, under the current administration, reiterated its focus on national energy priorities and dismissed binding international mandates on emissions reductions.

The court acknowledged that international law alone cannot fully resolve the climate crisis but emphasized the role of collective human effort and scientific advancement in addressing the global challenge.